Hurricane Science

Understanding Hurricanes

The science of how hurricanes form, intensify, and behave. Formation, structure, the Saffir-Simpson scale, storm surge mechanics, and eyewall dynamics, explained from first principles.

74 mpha
Wind to become a hurricane (119 km/h)
5b
Saffir-Simpson categories
80°Fc
Ocean warmth to form (26.5°C)
35 mphd
Rapid-intensification, 24 h (56 km/h)

The Complete Reference

The eye of Hurricane Isabel seen from the International Space Station NASA · Public domain
Pillar Article · Start Here

The Complete Guide to Hurricanes

4,000+ words covering formation, structure, categories, and behavior, the definitive entry point. Includes embedded diagrams, video, and FAQ.

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Explore the Science Section

A powerful, well-organized major hurricane with a clear eye seen from space

The Classification System: From Depression to Category 5

How tropical cyclones are classified from tropical disturbance through Category 5 hurricane, including the criteria meteorologists use and how naming works.

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The view from inside a hurricane's eye, looking out at the towering wall of cloud surrounding clear blue sky, the stadium effect

Eyewall Dynamics and Rapid Intensification

How the eyewall drives hurricane intensity, why eyewall replacement cycles occur, and the science behind rapid intensification.

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A hurricane making landfall on the Florida coast, seen from a satellite

How Hurricanes Die: Landfall, Shear, and Transition

What causes hurricanes to weaken and die: landfall, wind shear, cool water, dry air, and extratropical transition explained in plain language.

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Super Typhoon Haiyan, an intense western Pacific tropical cyclone, seen from space with a sharp eye

Hurricane vs. Typhoon vs. Cyclone: Understanding the Difference

Are hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones different storms? They are the same weather phenomenon with different names depending on where they form.

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An astronaut's view from the International Space Station looking straight down into the eye of Hurricane Florence

Rainbands, Wind Fields, and the Anatomy of a Storm

A structural tour of hurricane anatomy: the eye, eyewall, rainbands, wind field geometry, and what each component means for communities in a storm

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Hurricane Dorian seen from space as a powerful Category 5 storm with a clear, circular eye

The Saffir-Simpson Scale: What Each Category Really Means

A complete guide to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: what each category means, the history, limitations, and the Category 6 debate.

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A disorganized tropical depression with scattered thunderstorms over the Caribbean Sea

How Do Hurricanes Form? A Visual Explainer

Hurricanes are heat engines, and they form only when a precise set of oceanic and atmospheric conditions lines up at once. This explainer covers those conditions and the stages a storm passes through from disturbance to hurricane.

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